/* |
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* Copyright (c) 1994, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. |
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* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. |
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* |
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* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it |
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* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as |
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* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this |
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* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided |
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* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. |
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* |
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* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT |
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* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or |
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* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License |
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* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that |
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* accompanied this code). |
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* |
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* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version |
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* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, |
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* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. |
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* |
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* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA |
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* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any |
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* questions. |
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*/ |
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package java.lang; |
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import java.io.*; |
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import java.util.*; |
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/** |
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* The {@code Throwable} class is the superclass of all errors and |
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* exceptions in the Java language. Only objects that are instances of this |
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* class (or one of its subclasses) are thrown by the Java Virtual Machine or |
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* can be thrown by the Java {@code throw} statement. Similarly, only |
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* this class or one of its subclasses can be the argument type in a |
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* {@code catch} clause. |
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* |
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* For the purposes of compile-time checking of exceptions, {@code |
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* Throwable} and any subclass of {@code Throwable} that is not also a |
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* subclass of either {@link RuntimeException} or {@link Error} are |
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* regarded as checked exceptions. |
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* |
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* <p>Instances of two subclasses, {@link java.lang.Error} and |
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* {@link java.lang.Exception}, are conventionally used to indicate |
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* that exceptional situations have occurred. Typically, these instances |
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* are freshly created in the context of the exceptional situation so |
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* as to include relevant information (such as stack trace data). |
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* |
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* <p>A throwable contains a snapshot of the execution stack of its |
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* thread at the time it was created. It can also contain a message |
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* string that gives more information about the error. Over time, a |
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* throwable can {@linkplain Throwable#addSuppressed suppress} other |
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* throwables from being propagated. Finally, the throwable can also |
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* contain a <i>cause</i>: another throwable that caused this |
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* throwable to be constructed. The recording of this causal information |
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* is referred to as the <i>chained exception</i> facility, as the |
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* cause can, itself, have a cause, and so on, leading to a "chain" of |
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* exceptions, each caused by another. |
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* |
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* <p>One reason that a throwable may have a cause is that the class that |
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* throws it is built atop a lower layered abstraction, and an operation on |
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* the upper layer fails due to a failure in the lower layer. It would be bad |
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* design to let the throwable thrown by the lower layer propagate outward, as |
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* it is generally unrelated to the abstraction provided by the upper layer. |
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* Further, doing so would tie the API of the upper layer to the details of |
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* its implementation, assuming the lower layer's exception was a checked |
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* exception. Throwing a "wrapped exception" (i.e., an exception containing a |
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* cause) allows the upper layer to communicate the details of the failure to |
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* its caller without incurring either of these shortcomings. It preserves |
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* the flexibility to change the implementation of the upper layer without |
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* changing its API (in particular, the set of exceptions thrown by its |
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* methods). |
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* |
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* <p>A second reason that a throwable may have a cause is that the method |
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* that throws it must conform to a general-purpose interface that does not |
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* permit the method to throw the cause directly. For example, suppose |
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* a persistent collection conforms to the {@link java.util.Collection |
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* Collection} interface, and that its persistence is implemented atop |
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* {@code java.io}. Suppose the internals of the {@code add} method |
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* can throw an {@link java.io.IOException IOException}. The implementation |
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* can communicate the details of the {@code IOException} to its caller |
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* while conforming to the {@code Collection} interface by wrapping the |
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* {@code IOException} in an appropriate unchecked exception. (The |
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* specification for the persistent collection should indicate that it is |
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* capable of throwing such exceptions.) |
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* |
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* <p>A cause can be associated with a throwable in two ways: via a |
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* constructor that takes the cause as an argument, or via the |
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* {@link #initCause(Throwable)} method. New throwable classes that |
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* wish to allow causes to be associated with them should provide constructors |
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* that take a cause and delegate (perhaps indirectly) to one of the |
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* {@code Throwable} constructors that takes a cause. |
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* |
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* Because the {@code initCause} method is public, it allows a cause to be |
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* associated with any throwable, even a "legacy throwable" whose |
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* implementation predates the addition of the exception chaining mechanism to |
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* {@code Throwable}. |
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* |
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* <p>By convention, class {@code Throwable} and its subclasses have two |
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* constructors, one that takes no arguments and one that takes a |
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* {@code String} argument that can be used to produce a detail message. |
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* Further, those subclasses that might likely have a cause associated with |
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* them should have two more constructors, one that takes a |
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* {@code Throwable} (the cause), and one that takes a |
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* {@code String} (the detail message) and a {@code Throwable} (the |
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* cause). |
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* |
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* @author Josh Bloch (Added exception chaining and programmatic access to |
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* stack trace in 1.4.) |
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* @jls 11.2 Compile-Time Checking of Exceptions |
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* @since 1.0 |
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*/ |
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public class Throwable implements Serializable { |
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/** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */ |
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@java.io.Serial |
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private static final long serialVersionUID = -3042686055658047285L; |
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/** |
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* The JVM saves some indication of the stack backtrace in this slot. |
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*/ |
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private transient Object backtrace; |
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/** |
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* Specific details about the Throwable. For example, for |
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* {@code FileNotFoundException}, this contains the name of |
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* the file that could not be found. |
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* |
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* @serial |
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*/ |
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private String detailMessage; |
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/** |
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* Holder class to defer initializing sentinel objects only used |
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* for serialization. |
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*/ |
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private static class SentinelHolder { |
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/** |
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* {@linkplain #setStackTrace(StackTraceElement[]) Setting the |
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* stack trace} to a one-element array containing this sentinel |
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* value indicates future attempts to set the stack trace will be |
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* ignored. The sentinel is equal to the result of calling:<br> |
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* {@code new StackTraceElement("", "", null, Integer.MIN_VALUE)} |
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*/ |
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public static final StackTraceElement STACK_TRACE_ELEMENT_SENTINEL = |
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new StackTraceElement("", "", null, Integer.MIN_VALUE); |
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/** |
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* Sentinel value used in the serial form to indicate an immutable |
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* stack trace. |
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*/ |
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public static final StackTraceElement[] STACK_TRACE_SENTINEL = |
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new StackTraceElement[] {STACK_TRACE_ELEMENT_SENTINEL}; |
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} |
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/** |
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* A shared value for an empty stack. |
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*/ |
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private static final StackTraceElement[] UNASSIGNED_STACK = new StackTraceElement[0]; |
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/* |
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* To allow Throwable objects to be made immutable and safely |
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* reused by the JVM, such as OutOfMemoryErrors, fields of |
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* Throwable that are writable in response to user actions, cause, |
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* stackTrace, and suppressedExceptions obey the following |
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* protocol: |
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* |
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* 1) The fields are initialized to a non-null sentinel value |
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* which indicates the value has logically not been set. |
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* |
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* 2) Writing a null to the field indicates further writes |
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* are forbidden |
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* |
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* 3) The sentinel value may be replaced with another non-null |
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* value. |
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* |
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* For example, implementations of the HotSpot JVM have |
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* preallocated OutOfMemoryError objects to provide for better |
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* diagnosability of that situation. These objects are created |
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* without calling the constructor for that class and the fields |
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* in question are initialized to null. To support this |
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* capability, any new fields added to Throwable that require |
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* being initialized to a non-null value require a coordinated JVM |
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* change. |
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*/ |
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/** |
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* The throwable that caused this throwable to get thrown, or null if this |
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* throwable was not caused by another throwable, or if the causative |
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* throwable is unknown. If this field is equal to this throwable itself, |
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* it indicates that the cause of this throwable has not yet been |
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* initialized. |
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* |
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* @serial |
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* @since 1.4 |
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*/ |
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private Throwable cause = this; |
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/** |
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* The stack trace, as returned by {@link #getStackTrace()}. |
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* |
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* The field is initialized to a zero-length array. A {@code |
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* null} value of this field indicates subsequent calls to {@link |
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* #setStackTrace(StackTraceElement[])} and {@link |
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* #fillInStackTrace()} will be no-ops. |
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* |
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* @serial |
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* @since 1.4 |
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*/ |
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private StackTraceElement[] stackTrace = UNASSIGNED_STACK; |
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/** |
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* The JVM code sets the depth of the backtrace for later retrieval |
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*/ |
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private transient int depth; |
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// Setting this static field introduces an acceptable |
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// initialization dependency on a few java.util classes. |
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private static final List<Throwable> SUPPRESSED_SENTINEL = Collections.emptyList(); |
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/** |
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* The list of suppressed exceptions, as returned by {@link |
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* #getSuppressed()}. The list is initialized to a zero-element |
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* unmodifiable sentinel list. When a serialized Throwable is |
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* read in, if the {@code suppressedExceptions} field points to a |
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* zero-element list, the field is reset to the sentinel value. |
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* |
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* @serial |
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* @since 1.7 |
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*/ |
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@SuppressWarnings("serial") // Not statically typed as Serializable |
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private List<Throwable> suppressedExceptions = SUPPRESSED_SENTINEL; |
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/** Message for trying to suppress a null exception. */ |
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private static final String NULL_CAUSE_MESSAGE = "Cannot suppress a null exception."; |
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/** Message for trying to suppress oneself. */ |
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private static final String SELF_SUPPRESSION_MESSAGE = "Self-suppression not permitted"; |
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/** Caption for labeling causative exception stack traces */ |
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private static final String CAUSE_CAPTION = "Caused by: "; |
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/** Caption for labeling suppressed exception stack traces */ |
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private static final String SUPPRESSED_CAPTION = "Suppressed: "; |
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/** |
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* Constructs a new throwable with {@code null} as its detail message. |
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* The cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by a |
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* call to {@link #initCause}. |
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* |
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* <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize |
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* the stack trace data in the newly created throwable. |
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*/ |
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public Throwable() { |
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fillInStackTrace(); |
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} |
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/** |
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* Constructs a new throwable with the specified detail message. The |
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* cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by |
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* a call to {@link #initCause}. |
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* |
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* <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize |
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* the stack trace data in the newly created throwable. |
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* |
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* @param message the detail message. The detail message is saved for |
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* later retrieval by the {@link #getMessage()} method. |
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*/ |
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public Throwable(String message) { |
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fillInStackTrace(); |
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detailMessage = message; |
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} |
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/** |
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* Constructs a new throwable with the specified detail message and |
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* cause. <p>Note that the detail message associated with |
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* {@code cause} is <i>not</i> automatically incorporated in |
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* this throwable's detail message. |
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* |
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* <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize |
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* the stack trace data in the newly created throwable. |
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* |
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* @param message the detail message (which is saved for later retrieval |
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* by the {@link #getMessage()} method). |
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* @param cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the |
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* {@link #getCause()} method). (A {@code null} value is |
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* permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or |
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* unknown.) |
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* @since 1.4 |
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*/ |
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public Throwable(String message, Throwable cause) { |
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fillInStackTrace(); |
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detailMessage = message; |
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this.cause = cause; |
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} |
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/** |
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* Constructs a new throwable with the specified cause and a detail |
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* message of {@code (cause==null ? null : cause.toString())} (which |
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* typically contains the class and detail message of {@code cause}). |
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* This constructor is useful for throwables that are little more than |
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* wrappers for other throwables (for example, {@link |
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* java.security.PrivilegedActionException}). |
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* |
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* <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize |
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* the stack trace data in the newly created throwable. |
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* |
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* @param cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the |
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* {@link #getCause()} method). (A {@code null} value is |
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* permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or |
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* unknown.) |
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* @since 1.4 |
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*/ |
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public Throwable(Throwable cause) { |
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fillInStackTrace(); |
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detailMessage = (cause==null ? null : cause.toString()); |
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this.cause = cause; |
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} |
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/** |
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* Constructs a new throwable with the specified detail message, |
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* cause, {@linkplain #addSuppressed suppression} enabled or |
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* disabled, and writable stack trace enabled or disabled. If |
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* suppression is disabled, {@link #getSuppressed} for this object |
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* will return a zero-length array and calls to {@link |
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* #addSuppressed} that would otherwise append an exception to the |
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* suppressed list will have no effect. If the writable stack |
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* trace is false, this constructor will not call {@link |
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* #fillInStackTrace()}, a {@code null} will be written to the |
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* {@code stackTrace} field, and subsequent calls to {@code |
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* fillInStackTrace} and {@link |
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* #setStackTrace(StackTraceElement[])} will not set the stack |
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* trace. If the writable stack trace is false, {@link |
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* #getStackTrace} will return a zero length array. |
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* |
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* <p>Note that the other constructors of {@code Throwable} treat |
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* suppression as being enabled and the stack trace as being |
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* writable. Subclasses of {@code Throwable} should document any |
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* conditions under which suppression is disabled and document |
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* conditions under which the stack trace is not writable. |
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* Disabling of suppression should only occur in exceptional |
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* circumstances where special requirements exist, such as a |
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* virtual machine reusing exception objects under low-memory |
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* situations. Circumstances where a given exception object is |
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* repeatedly caught and rethrown, such as to implement control |
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* flow between two sub-systems, is another situation where |
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* immutable throwable objects would be appropriate. |
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* |
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* @param message the detail message. |
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* @param cause the cause. (A {@code null} value is permitted, |
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* and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or unknown.) |
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* @param enableSuppression whether or not suppression is enabled or disabled |
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* @param writableStackTrace whether or not the stack trace should be |
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* writable |
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* |
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* @see OutOfMemoryError |
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* @see NullPointerException |
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* @see ArithmeticException |
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* @since 1.7 |
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*/ |
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protected Throwable(String message, Throwable cause, |
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boolean enableSuppression, |
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boolean writableStackTrace) { |
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if (writableStackTrace) { |
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fillInStackTrace(); |
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} else { |
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stackTrace = null; |
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} |
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detailMessage = message; |
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this.cause = cause; |
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if (!enableSuppression) |
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suppressedExceptions = null; |
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} |
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/** |
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* Returns the detail message string of this throwable. |
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* |
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* @return the detail message string of this {@code Throwable} instance |
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* (which may be {@code null}). |
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*/ |
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public String getMessage() { |
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return detailMessage; |
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} |
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/** |
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* Creates a localized description of this throwable. |
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* Subclasses may override this method in order to produce a |
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* locale-specific message. For subclasses that do not override this |
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* method, the default implementation returns the same result as |
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* {@code getMessage()}. |
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* |
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* @return The localized description of this throwable. |
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* @since 1.1 |
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*/ |
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public String getLocalizedMessage() { |
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return getMessage(); |
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} |
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/** |
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* Returns the cause of this throwable or {@code null} if the |
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* cause is nonexistent or unknown. (The cause is the throwable that |
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* caused this throwable to get thrown.) |
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* |
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* <p>This implementation returns the cause that was supplied via one of |
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* the constructors requiring a {@code Throwable}, or that was set after |
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* creation with the {@link #initCause(Throwable)} method. While it is |
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* typically unnecessary to override this method, a subclass can override |
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* it to return a cause set by some other means. This is appropriate for |
|
* a "legacy chained throwable" that predates the addition of chained |
|
* exceptions to {@code Throwable}. Note that it is <i>not</i> |
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* necessary to override any of the {@code PrintStackTrace} methods, |
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* all of which invoke the {@code getCause} method to determine the |
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* cause of a throwable. |
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* |
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* @return the cause of this throwable or {@code null} if the |
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* cause is nonexistent or unknown. |
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* @since 1.4 |
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*/ |
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public synchronized Throwable getCause() { |
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return (cause==this ? null : cause); |
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} |
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/** |
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* Initializes the <i>cause</i> of this throwable to the specified value. |
|
* (The cause is the throwable that caused this throwable to get thrown.) |
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* |
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* <p>This method can be called at most once. It is generally called from |
|
* within the constructor, or immediately after creating the |
|
* throwable. If this throwable was created |
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* with {@link #Throwable(Throwable)} or |
|
* {@link #Throwable(String,Throwable)}, this method cannot be called |
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* even once. |
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* |
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* <p>An example of using this method on a legacy throwable type |
|
* without other support for setting the cause is: |
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* |
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* <pre> |
|
* try { |
|
* lowLevelOp(); |
|
* } catch (LowLevelException le) { |
|
* throw (HighLevelException) |
|
* new HighLevelException().initCause(le); // Legacy constructor |
|
* } |
|
* </pre> |
|
* |
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* @param cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the |
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* {@link #getCause()} method). (A {@code null} value is |
|
* permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or |
|
* unknown.) |
|
* @return a reference to this {@code Throwable} instance. |
|
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code cause} is this |
|
* throwable. (A throwable cannot be its own cause.) |
|
* @throws IllegalStateException if this throwable was |
|
* created with {@link #Throwable(Throwable)} or |
|
* {@link #Throwable(String,Throwable)}, or this method has already |
|
* been called on this throwable. |
|
* @since 1.4 |
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*/ |
|
public synchronized Throwable initCause(Throwable cause) { |
|
if (this.cause != this) |
|
throw new IllegalStateException("Can't overwrite cause with " + |
|
Objects.toString(cause, "a null"), this); |
|
if (cause == this) |
|
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Self-causation not permitted", this); |
|
this.cause = cause; |
|
return this; |
|
} |
|
/* |
|
* This is called by readObject of a few exceptions such as |
|
* ClassNotFoundException and ExceptionInInitializerError to deserialize |
|
* a stream output from an older runtime version where the cause may |
|
* have set to null. |
|
*/ |
|
final void setCause(Throwable t) { |
|
this.cause = t; |
|
} |
|
/** |
|
* Returns a short description of this throwable. |
|
* The result is the concatenation of: |
|
* <ul> |
|
* <li> the {@linkplain Class#getName() name} of the class of this object |
|
* <li> ": " (a colon and a space) |
|
* <li> the result of invoking this object's {@link #getLocalizedMessage} |
|
* method |
|
* </ul> |
|
* If {@code getLocalizedMessage} returns {@code null}, then just |
|
* the class name is returned. |
|
* |
|
* @return a string representation of this throwable. |
|
*/ |
|
public String toString() { |
|
String s = getClass().getName(); |
|
String message = getLocalizedMessage(); |
|
return (message != null) ? (s + ": " + message) : s; |
|
} |
|
/** |
|
* Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the |
|
* standard error stream. This method prints a stack trace for this |
|
* {@code Throwable} object on the error output stream that is |
|
* the value of the field {@code System.err}. The first line of |
|
* output contains the result of the {@link #toString()} method for |
|
* this object. Remaining lines represent data previously recorded by |
|
* the method {@link #fillInStackTrace()}. The format of this |
|
* information depends on the implementation, but the following |
|
* example may be regarded as typical: |
|
* <blockquote><pre> |
|
* java.lang.NullPointerException |
|
* at MyClass.mash(MyClass.java:9) |
|
* at MyClass.crunch(MyClass.java:6) |
|
* at MyClass.main(MyClass.java:3) |
|
* </pre></blockquote> |
|
* This example was produced by running the program: |
|
* <pre> |
|
* class MyClass { |
|
* public static void main(String[] args) { |
|
* crunch(null); |
|
* } |
|
* static void crunch(int[] a) { |
|
* mash(a); |
|
* } |
|
* static void mash(int[] b) { |
|
* System.out.println(b[0]); |
|
* } |
|
* } |
|
* </pre> |
|
* The backtrace for a throwable with an initialized, non-null cause |
|
* should generally include the backtrace for the cause. The format |
|
* of this information depends on the implementation, but the following |
|
* example may be regarded as typical: |
|
* <pre> |
|
* HighLevelException: MidLevelException: LowLevelException |
|
* at Junk.a(Junk.java:13) |
|
* at Junk.main(Junk.java:4) |
|
* Caused by: MidLevelException: LowLevelException |
|
* at Junk.c(Junk.java:23) |
|
* at Junk.b(Junk.java:17) |
|
* at Junk.a(Junk.java:11) |
|
* ... 1 more |
|
* Caused by: LowLevelException |
|
* at Junk.e(Junk.java:30) |
|
* at Junk.d(Junk.java:27) |
|
* at Junk.c(Junk.java:21) |
|
* ... 3 more |
|
* </pre> |
|
* Note the presence of lines containing the characters {@code "..."}. |
|
* These lines indicate that the remainder of the stack trace for this |
|
* exception matches the indicated number of frames from the bottom of the |
|
* stack trace of the exception that was caused by this exception (the |
|
* "enclosing" exception). This shorthand can greatly reduce the length |
|
* of the output in the common case where a wrapped exception is thrown |
|
* from same method as the "causative exception" is caught. The above |
|
* example was produced by running the program: |
|
* <pre> |
|
* public class Junk { |
|
* public static void main(String args[]) { |
|
* try { |
|
* a(); |
|
* } catch(HighLevelException e) { |
|
* e.printStackTrace(); |
|
* } |
|
* } |
|
* static void a() throws HighLevelException { |
|
* try { |
|
* b(); |
|
* } catch(MidLevelException e) { |
|
* throw new HighLevelException(e); |
|
* } |
|
* } |
|
* static void b() throws MidLevelException { |
|
* c(); |
|
* } |
|
* static void c() throws MidLevelException { |
|
* try { |
|
* d(); |
|
* } catch(LowLevelException e) { |
|
* throw new MidLevelException(e); |
|
* } |
|
* } |
|
* static void d() throws LowLevelException { |
|
* e(); |
|
* } |
|
* static void e() throws LowLevelException { |
|
* throw new LowLevelException(); |
|
* } |
|
* } |
|
* |
|
* class HighLevelException extends Exception { |
|
* HighLevelException(Throwable cause) { super(cause); } |
|
* } |
|
* |
|
* class MidLevelException extends Exception { |
|
* MidLevelException(Throwable cause) { super(cause); } |
|
* } |
|
* |
|
* class LowLevelException extends Exception { |
|
* } |
|
* </pre> |
|
* As of release 7, the platform supports the notion of |
|
* <i>suppressed exceptions</i> (in conjunction with the {@code |
|
* try}-with-resources statement). Any exceptions that were |
|
* suppressed in order to deliver an exception are printed out |
|
* beneath the stack trace. The format of this information |
|
* depends on the implementation, but the following example may be |
|
* regarded as typical: |
|
* |
|
* <pre> |
|
* Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: Something happened |
|
* at Foo.bar(Foo.java:10) |
|
* at Foo.main(Foo.java:5) |
|
* Suppressed: Resource$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 0 |
|
* at Resource.close(Resource.java:26) |
|
* at Foo.bar(Foo.java:9) |
|
* ... 1 more |
|
* </pre> |
|
* Note that the "... n more" notation is used on suppressed exceptions |
|
* just as it is used on causes. Unlike causes, suppressed exceptions are |
|
* indented beyond their "containing exceptions." |
|
* |
|
* <p>An exception can have both a cause and one or more suppressed |
|
* exceptions: |
|
* <pre> |
|
* Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: Main block |
|
* at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:7) |
|
* Suppressed: Resource$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 2 |
|
* at Resource.close(Resource.java:26) |
|
* at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:5) |
|
* Suppressed: Resource$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 1 |
|
* at Resource.close(Resource.java:26) |
|
* at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:5) |
|
* Caused by: java.lang.Exception: I did it |
|
* at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:8) |
|
* </pre> |
|
* Likewise, a suppressed exception can have a cause: |
|
* <pre> |
|
* Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: Main block |
|
* at Foo4.main(Foo4.java:6) |
|
* Suppressed: Resource2$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 1 |
|
* at Resource2.close(Resource2.java:20) |
|
* at Foo4.main(Foo4.java:5) |
|
* Caused by: java.lang.Exception: Rats, you caught me |
|
* at Resource2$CloseFailException.<init>(Resource2.java:45) |
|
* ... 2 more |
|
* </pre> |
|
*/ |
|
public void printStackTrace() { |
|
printStackTrace(System.err); |
|
} |
|
/** |
|
* Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the specified print stream. |
|
* |
|
* @param s {@code PrintStream} to use for output |
|
*/ |
|
public void printStackTrace(PrintStream s) { |
|
printStackTrace(new WrappedPrintStream(s)); |
|
} |
|
private void printStackTrace(PrintStreamOrWriter s) { |
|
// Guard against malicious overrides of Throwable.equals by |
|
// using a Set with identity equality semantics. |
|
Set<Throwable> dejaVu = Collections.newSetFromMap(new IdentityHashMap<>()); |
|
dejaVu.add(this); |
|
synchronized (s.lock()) { |
|
// Print our stack trace |
|
s.println(this); |
|
StackTraceElement[] trace = getOurStackTrace(); |
|
for (StackTraceElement traceElement : trace) |
|
s.println("\tat " + traceElement); |
|
// Print suppressed exceptions, if any |
|
for (Throwable se : getSuppressed()) |
|
se.printEnclosedStackTrace(s, trace, SUPPRESSED_CAPTION, "\t", dejaVu); |
|
// Print cause, if any |
|
Throwable ourCause = getCause(); |
|
if (ourCause != null) |
|
ourCause.printEnclosedStackTrace(s, trace, CAUSE_CAPTION, "", dejaVu); |
|
} |
|
} |
|
/** |
|
* Print our stack trace as an enclosed exception for the specified |
|
* stack trace. |
|
*/ |
|
private void printEnclosedStackTrace(PrintStreamOrWriter s, |
|
StackTraceElement[] enclosingTrace, |
|
String caption, |
|
String prefix, |
|
Set<Throwable> dejaVu) { |
|
assert Thread.holdsLock(s.lock()); |
|
if (dejaVu.contains(this)) { |
|
s.println(prefix + caption + "[CIRCULAR REFERENCE: " + this + "]"); |
|
} else { |
|
dejaVu.add(this); |
|
// Compute number of frames in common between this and enclosing trace |
|
StackTraceElement[] trace = getOurStackTrace(); |
|
int m = trace.length - 1; |
|
int n = enclosingTrace.length - 1; |
|
while (m >= 0 && n >=0 && trace[m].equals(enclosingTrace[n])) { |
|
m--; n--; |
|
} |
|
int framesInCommon = trace.length - 1 - m; |
|
// Print our stack trace |
|
s.println(prefix + caption + this); |
|
for (int i = 0; i <= m; i++) |
|
s.println(prefix + "\tat " + trace[i]); |
|
if (framesInCommon != 0) |
|
s.println(prefix + "\t... " + framesInCommon + " more"); |
|
// Print suppressed exceptions, if any |
|
for (Throwable se : getSuppressed()) |
|
se.printEnclosedStackTrace(s, trace, SUPPRESSED_CAPTION, |
|
prefix +"\t", dejaVu); |
|
// Print cause, if any |
|
Throwable ourCause = getCause(); |
|
if (ourCause != null) |
|
ourCause.printEnclosedStackTrace(s, trace, CAUSE_CAPTION, prefix, dejaVu); |
|
} |
|
} |
|
/** |
|
* Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the specified |
|
* print writer. |
|
* |
|
* @param s {@code PrintWriter} to use for output |
|
* @since 1.1 |
|
*/ |
|
public void printStackTrace(PrintWriter s) { |
|
printStackTrace(new WrappedPrintWriter(s)); |
|
} |
|
/** |
|
* Wrapper class for PrintStream and PrintWriter to enable a single |
|
* implementation of printStackTrace. |
|
*/ |
|
private abstract static class PrintStreamOrWriter { |
|
/** Returns the object to be locked when using this StreamOrWriter */ |
|
abstract Object lock(); |
|
/** Prints the specified string as a line on this StreamOrWriter */ |
|
abstract void println(Object o); |
|
} |
|
private static class WrappedPrintStream extends PrintStreamOrWriter { |
|
private final PrintStream printStream; |
|
WrappedPrintStream(PrintStream printStream) { |
|
this.printStream = printStream; |
|
} |
|
Object lock() { |
|
return printStream; |
|
} |
|
void println(Object o) { |
|
printStream.println(o); |
|
} |
|
} |
|
private static class WrappedPrintWriter extends PrintStreamOrWriter { |
|
private final PrintWriter printWriter; |
|
WrappedPrintWriter(PrintWriter printWriter) { |
|
this.printWriter = printWriter; |
|
} |
|
Object lock() { |
|
return printWriter; |
|
} |
|
void println(Object o) { |
|
printWriter.println(o); |
|
} |
|
} |
|
/** |
|
* Fills in the execution stack trace. This method records within this |
|
* {@code Throwable} object information about the current state of |
|
* the stack frames for the current thread. |
|
* |
|
* <p>If the stack trace of this {@code Throwable} {@linkplain |
|
* Throwable#Throwable(String, Throwable, boolean, boolean) is not |
|
* writable}, calling this method has no effect. |
|
* |
|
* @return a reference to this {@code Throwable} instance. |
|
* @see java.lang.Throwable#printStackTrace() |
|
*/ |
|
public synchronized Throwable fillInStackTrace() { |
|
if (stackTrace != null || |
|
backtrace != null /* Out of protocol state */ ) { |
|
fillInStackTrace(0); |
|
stackTrace = UNASSIGNED_STACK; |
|
} |
|
return this; |
|
} |
|
private native Throwable fillInStackTrace(int dummy); |
|
/** |
|
* Provides programmatic access to the stack trace information printed by |
|
* {@link #printStackTrace()}. Returns an array of stack trace elements, |
|
* each representing one stack frame. The zeroth element of the array |
|
* (assuming the array's length is non-zero) represents the top of the |
|
* stack, which is the last method invocation in the sequence. Typically, |
|
* this is the point at which this throwable was created and thrown. |
|
* The last element of the array (assuming the array's length is non-zero) |
|
* represents the bottom of the stack, which is the first method invocation |
|
* in the sequence. |
|
* |
|
* <p>Some virtual machines may, under some circumstances, omit one |
|
* or more stack frames from the stack trace. In the extreme case, |
|
* a virtual machine that has no stack trace information concerning |
|
* this throwable is permitted to return a zero-length array from this |
|
* method. Generally speaking, the array returned by this method will |
|
* contain one element for every frame that would be printed by |
|
* {@code printStackTrace}. Writes to the returned array do not |
|
* affect future calls to this method. |
|
* |
|
* @return an array of stack trace elements representing the stack trace |
|
* pertaining to this throwable. |
|
* @since 1.4 |
|
*/ |
|
public StackTraceElement[] getStackTrace() { |
|
return getOurStackTrace().clone(); |
|
} |
|
private synchronized StackTraceElement[] getOurStackTrace() { |
|
// Initialize stack trace field with information from |
|
// backtrace if this is the first call to this method |
|
if (stackTrace == UNASSIGNED_STACK || |
|
(stackTrace == null && backtrace != null) /* Out of protocol state */) { |
|
stackTrace = StackTraceElement.of(this, depth); |
|
} else if (stackTrace == null) { |
|
return UNASSIGNED_STACK; |
|
} |
|
return stackTrace; |
|
} |
|
/** |
|
* Sets the stack trace elements that will be returned by |
|
* {@link #getStackTrace()} and printed by {@link #printStackTrace()} |
|
* and related methods. |
|
* |
|
* This method, which is designed for use by RPC frameworks and other |
|
* advanced systems, allows the client to override the default |
|
* stack trace that is either generated by {@link #fillInStackTrace()} |
|
* when a throwable is constructed or deserialized when a throwable is |
|
* read from a serialization stream. |
|
* |
|
* <p>If the stack trace of this {@code Throwable} {@linkplain |
|
* Throwable#Throwable(String, Throwable, boolean, boolean) is not |
|
* writable}, calling this method has no effect other than |
|
* validating its argument. |
|
* |
|
* @param stackTrace the stack trace elements to be associated with |
|
* this {@code Throwable}. The specified array is copied by this |
|
* call; changes in the specified array after the method invocation |
|
* returns will have no affect on this {@code Throwable}'s stack |
|
* trace. |
|
* |
|
* @throws NullPointerException if {@code stackTrace} is |
|
* {@code null} or if any of the elements of |
|
* {@code stackTrace} are {@code null} |
|
* |
|
* @since 1.4 |
|
*/ |
|
public void setStackTrace(StackTraceElement[] stackTrace) { |
|
// Validate argument |
|
StackTraceElement[] defensiveCopy = stackTrace.clone(); |
|
for (int i = 0; i < defensiveCopy.length; i++) { |
|
if (defensiveCopy[i] == null) |
|
throw new NullPointerException("stackTrace[" + i + "]"); |
|
} |
|
synchronized (this) { |
|
if (this.stackTrace == null && // Immutable stack |
|
backtrace == null) // Test for out of protocol state |
|
return; |
|
this.stackTrace = defensiveCopy; |
|
} |
|
} |
|
/** |
|
* Reads a {@code Throwable} from a stream, enforcing |
|
* well-formedness constraints on fields. Null entries and |
|
* self-pointers are not allowed in the list of {@code |
|
* suppressedExceptions}. Null entries are not allowed for stack |
|
* trace elements. A null stack trace in the serial form results |
|
* in a zero-length stack element array. A single-element stack |
|
* trace whose entry is equal to {@code new StackTraceElement("", |
|
* "", null, Integer.MIN_VALUE)} results in a {@code null} {@code |
|
* stackTrace} field. |
|
* |
|
* Note that there are no constraints on the value the {@code |
|
* cause} field can hold; both {@code null} and {@code this} are |
|
* valid values for the field. |
|
* |
|
* @param s the {@code ObjectInputStream} from which data is read |
|
* @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs |
|
* @throws ClassNotFoundException if a serialized class cannot be loaded |
|
*/ |
|
@java.io.Serial |
|
private void readObject(ObjectInputStream s) |
|
throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { |
|
s.defaultReadObject(); // read in all fields |
|
// Set suppressed exceptions and stack trace elements fields |
|
// to marker values until the contents from the serial stream |
|
// are validated. |
|
List<Throwable> candidateSuppressedExceptions = suppressedExceptions; |
|
suppressedExceptions = SUPPRESSED_SENTINEL; |
|
StackTraceElement[] candidateStackTrace = stackTrace; |
|
stackTrace = UNASSIGNED_STACK.clone(); |
|
if (candidateSuppressedExceptions != null) { |
|
int suppressedSize = validateSuppressedExceptionsList(candidateSuppressedExceptions); |
|
if (suppressedSize > 0) { // Copy valid Throwables to new list |
|
var suppList = new ArrayList<Throwable>(Math.min(100, suppressedSize)); |
|
for (Throwable t : candidateSuppressedExceptions) { |
|
// Enforce constraints on suppressed exceptions in |
|
// case of corrupt or malicious stream. |
|
Objects.requireNonNull(t, NULL_CAUSE_MESSAGE); |
|
if (t == this) |
|
throw new IllegalArgumentException(SELF_SUPPRESSION_MESSAGE); |
|
suppList.add(t); |
|
} |
|
// If there are any invalid suppressed exceptions, |
|
// implicitly use the sentinel value assigned earlier. |
|
suppressedExceptions = suppList; |
|
} |
|
} else { |
|
suppressedExceptions = null; |
|
} |
|
/* |
|
* For zero-length stack traces, use a clone of |
|
* UNASSIGNED_STACK rather than UNASSIGNED_STACK itself to |
|
* allow identity comparison against UNASSIGNED_STACK in |
|
* getOurStackTrace. The identity of UNASSIGNED_STACK in |
|
* stackTrace indicates to the getOurStackTrace method that |
|
* the stackTrace needs to be constructed from the information |
|
* in backtrace. |
|
*/ |
|
if (candidateStackTrace != null) { |
|
// Work from a clone of the candidateStackTrace to ensure |
|
// consistency of checks. |
|
candidateStackTrace = candidateStackTrace.clone(); |
|
if (candidateStackTrace.length >= 1) { |
|
if (candidateStackTrace.length == 1 && |
|
// Check for the marker of an immutable stack trace |
|
SentinelHolder.STACK_TRACE_ELEMENT_SENTINEL.equals(candidateStackTrace[0])) { |
|
stackTrace = null; |
|
} else { // Verify stack trace elements are non-null. |
|
for (StackTraceElement ste : candidateStackTrace) { |
|
Objects.requireNonNull(ste, "null StackTraceElement in serial stream."); |
|
} |
|
stackTrace = candidateStackTrace; |
|
} |
|
} |
|
} |
|
// A null stackTrace field in the serial form can result from |
|
// an exception serialized without that field in older JDK |
|
// releases; treat such exceptions as having empty stack |
|
// traces by leaving stackTrace assigned to a clone of |
|
// UNASSIGNED_STACK. |
|
} |
|
private int validateSuppressedExceptionsList(List<Throwable> deserSuppressedExceptions) |
|
throws IOException { |
|
if (!Object.class.getModule(). |
|
equals(deserSuppressedExceptions.getClass().getModule())) { |
|
throw new StreamCorruptedException("List implementation not in base module."); |
|
} else { |
|
int size = deserSuppressedExceptions.size(); |
|
if (size < 0) { |
|
throw new StreamCorruptedException("Negative list size reported."); |
|
} |
|
return size; |
|
} |
|
} |
|
/** |
|
* Write a {@code Throwable} object to a stream. |
|
* |
|
* A {@code null} stack trace field is represented in the serial |
|
* form as a one-element array whose element is equal to {@code |
|
* new StackTraceElement("", "", null, Integer.MIN_VALUE)}. |
|
* |
|
* @param s the {@code ObjectOutputStream} to which data is written |
|
* @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs |
|
*/ |
|
@java.io.Serial |
|
private synchronized void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream s) |
|
throws IOException { |
|
// Ensure that the stackTrace field is initialized to a |
|
// non-null value, if appropriate. As of JDK 7, a null stack |
|
// trace field is a valid value indicating the stack trace |
|
// should not be set. |
|
getOurStackTrace(); |
|
StackTraceElement[] oldStackTrace = stackTrace; |
|
try { |
|
if (stackTrace == null) |
|
stackTrace = SentinelHolder.STACK_TRACE_SENTINEL; |
|
s.defaultWriteObject(); |
|
} finally { |
|
stackTrace = oldStackTrace; |
|
} |
|
} |
|
/** |
|
* Appends the specified exception to the exceptions that were |
|
* suppressed in order to deliver this exception. This method is |
|
* thread-safe and typically called (automatically and implicitly) |
|
* by the {@code try}-with-resources statement. |
|
* |
|
* <p>The suppression behavior is enabled <em>unless</em> disabled |
|
* {@linkplain #Throwable(String, Throwable, boolean, boolean) via |
|
* a constructor}. When suppression is disabled, this method does |
|
* nothing other than to validate its argument. |
|
* |
|
* <p>Note that when one exception {@linkplain |
|
* #initCause(Throwable) causes} another exception, the first |
|
* exception is usually caught and then the second exception is |
|
* thrown in response. In other words, there is a causal |
|
* connection between the two exceptions. |
|
* |
|
* In contrast, there are situations where two independent |
|
* exceptions can be thrown in sibling code blocks, in particular |
|
* in the {@code try} block of a {@code try}-with-resources |
|
* statement and the compiler-generated {@code finally} block |
|
* which closes the resource. |
|
* |
|
* In these situations, only one of the thrown exceptions can be |
|
* propagated. In the {@code try}-with-resources statement, when |
|
* there are two such exceptions, the exception originating from |
|
* the {@code try} block is propagated and the exception from the |
|
* {@code finally} block is added to the list of exceptions |
|
* suppressed by the exception from the {@code try} block. As an |
|
* exception unwinds the stack, it can accumulate multiple |
|
* suppressed exceptions. |
|
* |
|
* <p>An exception may have suppressed exceptions while also being |
|
* caused by another exception. Whether or not an exception has a |
|
* cause is semantically known at the time of its creation, unlike |
|
* whether or not an exception will suppress other exceptions |
|
* which is typically only determined after an exception is |
|
* thrown. |
|
* |
|
* <p>Note that programmer written code is also able to take |
|
* advantage of calling this method in situations where there are |
|
* multiple sibling exceptions and only one can be propagated. |
|
* |
|
* @param exception the exception to be added to the list of |
|
* suppressed exceptions |
|
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code exception} is this |
|
* throwable; a throwable cannot suppress itself. |
|
* @throws NullPointerException if {@code exception} is {@code null} |
|
* @since 1.7 |
|
*/ |
|
public final synchronized void addSuppressed(Throwable exception) { |
|
if (exception == this) |
|
throw new IllegalArgumentException(SELF_SUPPRESSION_MESSAGE, exception); |
|
Objects.requireNonNull(exception, NULL_CAUSE_MESSAGE); |
|
if (suppressedExceptions == null) // Suppressed exceptions not recorded |
|
return; |
|
if (suppressedExceptions == SUPPRESSED_SENTINEL) |
|
suppressedExceptions = new ArrayList<>(1); |
|
suppressedExceptions.add(exception); |
|
} |
|
private static final Throwable[] EMPTY_THROWABLE_ARRAY = new Throwable[0]; |
|
/** |
|
* Returns an array containing all of the exceptions that were |
|
* suppressed, typically by the {@code try}-with-resources |
|
* statement, in order to deliver this exception. |
|
* |
|
* If no exceptions were suppressed or {@linkplain |
|
* #Throwable(String, Throwable, boolean, boolean) suppression is |
|
* disabled}, an empty array is returned. This method is |
|
* thread-safe. Writes to the returned array do not affect future |
|
* calls to this method. |
|
* |
|
* @return an array containing all of the exceptions that were |
|
* suppressed to deliver this exception. |
|
* @since 1.7 |
|
*/ |
|
public final synchronized Throwable[] getSuppressed() { |
|
if (suppressedExceptions == SUPPRESSED_SENTINEL || |
|
suppressedExceptions == null) |
|
return EMPTY_THROWABLE_ARRAY; |
|
else |
|
return suppressedExceptions.toArray(EMPTY_THROWABLE_ARRAY); |
|
} |
|
} |