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	/*
	* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
	* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
	* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
	* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
	* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
	* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
	*
	* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
	*
	* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	* limitations under the License.
	*/
	package org.apache.commons.lang3.math;

	import java.lang.reflect.Array;
	import java.math.BigDecimal;
	import java.math.BigInteger;
	import java.math.RoundingMode;

	import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
	import org.apache.commons.lang3.Validate;

	/**
	* <p>Provides extra functionality for Java Number classes.</p>
	*
	* @since 2.0
	*/
	public class NumberUtils {

	/** Reusable Long constant for zero. */
	public static final Long LONG_ZERO = Long.valueOf(0L);
	/** Reusable Long constant for one. */
	public static final Long LONG_ONE = Long.valueOf(1L);
	/** Reusable Long constant for minus one. */
	public static final Long LONG_MINUS_ONE = Long.valueOf(-1L);
	/** Reusable Integer constant for zero. */
	public static final Integer INTEGER_ZERO = Integer.valueOf(0);
	/** Reusable Integer constant for one. */
	public static final Integer INTEGER_ONE = Integer.valueOf(1);
	/** Reusable Integer constant for two */
	public static final Integer INTEGER_TWO = Integer.valueOf(2);
	/** Reusable Integer constant for minus one. */
	public static final Integer INTEGER_MINUS_ONE = Integer.valueOf(-1);
	/** Reusable Short constant for zero. */
	public static final Short SHORT_ZERO = Short.valueOf((short) 0);
	/** Reusable Short constant for one. */
	public static final Short SHORT_ONE = Short.valueOf((short) 1);
	/** Reusable Short constant for minus one. */
	public static final Short SHORT_MINUS_ONE = Short.valueOf((short) -1);
	/** Reusable Byte constant for zero. */
	public static final Byte BYTE_ZERO = Byte.valueOf((byte) 0);
	/** Reusable Byte constant for one. */
	public static final Byte BYTE_ONE = Byte.valueOf((byte) 1);
	/** Reusable Byte constant for minus one. */
	public static final Byte BYTE_MINUS_ONE = Byte.valueOf((byte) -1);
	/** Reusable Double constant for zero. */
	public static final Double DOUBLE_ZERO = Double.valueOf(0.0d);
	/** Reusable Double constant for one. */
	public static final Double DOUBLE_ONE = Double.valueOf(1.0d);
	/** Reusable Double constant for minus one. */
	public static final Double DOUBLE_MINUS_ONE = Double.valueOf(-1.0d);
	/** Reusable Float constant for zero. */
	public static final Float FLOAT_ZERO = Float.valueOf(0.0f);
	/** Reusable Float constant for one. */
	public static final Float FLOAT_ONE = Float.valueOf(1.0f);
	/** Reusable Float constant for minus one. */
	public static final Float FLOAT_MINUS_ONE = Float.valueOf(-1.0f);


	/**
	* <p>{@code NumberUtils} instances should NOT be constructed in standard programming.
	* Instead, the class should be used as {@code NumberUtils.toInt("6");}.</p>
	*
	* <p>This constructor is public to permit tools that require a JavaBean instance
	* to operate.</p>
	*/
	public NumberUtils() {
	super();
	}

	//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to an {@code int}, returning
	* {@code zero} if the conversion fails.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the string is {@code null}, {@code zero} is returned.</p>
	*
	* <pre>
	* NumberUtils.toInt(null) = 0
	* NumberUtils.toInt("") = 0
	* NumberUtils.toInt("1") = 1
	* </pre>
	*
	* @param str the string to convert, may be null
	* @return the int represented by the string, or {@code zero} if
	* conversion fails
	* @since 2.1
	*/
	public static int toInt(final String str) {
	return toInt(str, 0);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to an {@code int}, returning a
	* default value if the conversion fails.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the string is {@code null}, the default value is returned.</p>
	*
	* <pre>
	* NumberUtils.toInt(null, 1) = 1
	* NumberUtils.toInt("", 1) = 1
	* NumberUtils.toInt("1", 0) = 1
	* </pre>
	*
	* @param str the string to convert, may be null
	* @param defaultValue the default value
	* @return the int represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
	* @since 2.1
	*/
	public static int toInt(final String str, final int defaultValue) {
	if (str == null) {
	return defaultValue;
	}
	try {
	return Integer.parseInt(str);
	} catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) {
	return defaultValue;
	}
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code long}, returning
	* {@code zero} if the conversion fails.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the string is {@code null}, {@code zero} is returned.</p>
	*
	* <pre>
	* NumberUtils.toLong(null) = 0L
	* NumberUtils.toLong("") = 0L
	* NumberUtils.toLong("1") = 1L
	* </pre>
	*
	* @param str the string to convert, may be null
	* @return the long represented by the string, or {@code 0} if
	* conversion fails
	* @since 2.1
	*/
	public static long toLong(final String str) {
	return toLong(str, 0L);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code long}, returning a
	* default value if the conversion fails.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the string is {@code null}, the default value is returned.</p>
	*
	* <pre>
	* NumberUtils.toLong(null, 1L) = 1L
	* NumberUtils.toLong("", 1L) = 1L
	* NumberUtils.toLong("1", 0L) = 1L
	* </pre>
	*
	* @param str the string to convert, may be null
	* @param defaultValue the default value
	* @return the long represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
	* @since 2.1
	*/
	public static long toLong(final String str, final long defaultValue) {
	if (str == null) {
	return defaultValue;
	}
	try {
	return Long.parseLong(str);
	} catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) {
	return defaultValue;
	}
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code float}, returning
	* {@code 0.0f} if the conversion fails.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the string {@code str} is {@code null},
	* {@code 0.0f} is returned.</p>
	*
	* <pre>
	* NumberUtils.toFloat(null) = 0.0f
	* NumberUtils.toFloat("") = 0.0f
	* NumberUtils.toFloat("1.5") = 1.5f
	* </pre>
	*
	* @param str the string to convert, may be {@code null}
	* @return the float represented by the string, or {@code 0.0f}
	* if conversion fails
	* @since 2.1
	*/
	public static float toFloat(final String str) {
	return toFloat(str, 0.0f);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code float}, returning a
	* default value if the conversion fails.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the string {@code str} is {@code null}, the default
	* value is returned.</p>
	*
	* <pre>
	* NumberUtils.toFloat(null, 1.1f) = 1.0f
	* NumberUtils.toFloat("", 1.1f) = 1.1f
	* NumberUtils.toFloat("1.5", 0.0f) = 1.5f
	* </pre>
	*
	* @param str the string to convert, may be {@code null}
	* @param defaultValue the default value
	* @return the float represented by the string, or defaultValue
	* if conversion fails
	* @since 2.1
	*/
	public static float toFloat(final String str, final float defaultValue) {
	if (str == null) {
	return defaultValue;
	}
	try {
	return Float.parseFloat(str);
	} catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) {
	return defaultValue;
	}
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code double}, returning
	* {@code 0.0d} if the conversion fails.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the string {@code str} is {@code null},
	* {@code 0.0d} is returned.</p>
	*
	* <pre>
	* NumberUtils.toDouble(null) = 0.0d
	* NumberUtils.toDouble("") = 0.0d
	* NumberUtils.toDouble("1.5") = 1.5d
	* </pre>
	*
	* @param str the string to convert, may be {@code null}
	* @return the double represented by the string, or {@code 0.0d}
	* if conversion fails
	* @since 2.1
	*/
	public static double toDouble(final String str) {
	return toDouble(str, 0.0d);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code double}, returning a
	* default value if the conversion fails.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the string {@code str} is {@code null}, the default
	* value is returned.</p>
	*
	* <pre>
	* NumberUtils.toDouble(null, 1.1d) = 1.1d
	* NumberUtils.toDouble("", 1.1d) = 1.1d
	* NumberUtils.toDouble("1.5", 0.0d) = 1.5d
	* </pre>
	*
	* @param str the string to convert, may be {@code null}
	* @param defaultValue the default value
	* @return the double represented by the string, or defaultValue
	* if conversion fails
	* @since 2.1
	*/
	public static double toDouble(final String str, final double defaultValue) {
	if (str == null) {
	return defaultValue;
	}
	try {
	return Double.parseDouble(str);
	} catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) {
	return defaultValue;
	}
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code BigDecimal} to a {@code double}.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the {@code BigDecimal} {@code value} is
	* {@code null}, then the specified default value is returned.</p>
	*
	* <pre>
	* NumberUtils.toDouble(null) = 0.0d
	* NumberUtils.toDouble(BigDecimal.valudOf(8.5d)) = 8.5d
	* </pre>
	*
	* @param value the {@code BigDecimal} to convert, may be {@code null}.
	* @return the double represented by the {@code BigDecimal} or
	* {@code 0.0d} if the {@code BigDecimal} is {@code null}.
	* @since 3.8
	*/
	public static double toDouble(final BigDecimal value) {
	return toDouble(value, 0.0d);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code BigDecimal} to a {@code double}.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the {@code BigDecimal} {@code value} is
	* {@code null}, then the specified default value is returned.</p>
	*
	* <pre>
	* NumberUtils.toDouble(null, 1.1d) = 1.1d
	* NumberUtils.toDouble(BigDecimal.valudOf(8.5d), 1.1d) = 8.5d
	* </pre>
	*
	* @param value the {@code BigDecimal} to convert, may be {@code null}.
	* @param defaultValue the default value
	* @return the double represented by the {@code BigDecimal} or the
	* defaultValue if the {@code BigDecimal} is {@code null}.
	* @since 3.8
	*/
	public static double toDouble(final BigDecimal value, final double defaultValue) {
	return value == null ? defaultValue : value.doubleValue();
	}

	//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code byte}, returning
	* {@code zero} if the conversion fails.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the string is {@code null}, {@code zero} is returned.</p>
	*
	* <pre>
	* NumberUtils.toByte(null) = 0
	* NumberUtils.toByte("") = 0
	* NumberUtils.toByte("1") = 1
	* </pre>
	*
	* @param str the string to convert, may be null
	* @return the byte represented by the string, or {@code zero} if
	* conversion fails
	* @since 2.5
	*/
	public static byte toByte(final String str) {
	return toByte(str, (byte) 0);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code byte}, returning a
	* default value if the conversion fails.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the string is {@code null}, the default value is returned.</p>
	*
	* <pre>
	* NumberUtils.toByte(null, 1) = 1
	* NumberUtils.toByte("", 1) = 1
	* NumberUtils.toByte("1", 0) = 1
	* </pre>
	*
	* @param str the string to convert, may be null
	* @param defaultValue the default value
	* @return the byte represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
	* @since 2.5
	*/
	public static byte toByte(final String str, final byte defaultValue) {
	if (str == null) {
	return defaultValue;
	}
	try {
	return Byte.parseByte(str);
	} catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) {
	return defaultValue;
	}
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code short}, returning
	* {@code zero} if the conversion fails.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the string is {@code null}, {@code zero} is returned.</p>
	*
	* <pre>
	* NumberUtils.toShort(null) = 0
	* NumberUtils.toShort("") = 0
	* NumberUtils.toShort("1") = 1
	* </pre>
	*
	* @param str the string to convert, may be null
	* @return the short represented by the string, or {@code zero} if
	* conversion fails
	* @since 2.5
	*/
	public static short toShort(final String str) {
	return toShort(str, (short) 0);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to an {@code short}, returning a
	* default value if the conversion fails.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the string is {@code null}, the default value is returned.</p>
	*
	* <pre>
	* NumberUtils.toShort(null, 1) = 1
	* NumberUtils.toShort("", 1) = 1
	* NumberUtils.toShort("1", 0) = 1
	* </pre>
	*
	* @param str the string to convert, may be null
	* @param defaultValue the default value
	* @return the short represented by the string, or the default if conversion fails
	* @since 2.5
	*/
	public static short toShort(final String str, final short defaultValue) {
	if (str == null) {
	return defaultValue;
	}
	try {
	return Short.parseShort(str);
	} catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) {
	return defaultValue;
	}
	}

	/**
	* Convert a {@code BigDecimal} to a {@code BigDecimal} with a scale of
	* two that has been rounded using {@code RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN}. If the supplied
	* {@code value} is null, then {@code BigDecimal.ZERO} is returned.
	*
	* <p>Note, the scale of a {@code BigDecimal} is the number of digits to the right of the
	* decimal point.</p>
	*
	* @param value the {@code BigDecimal} to convert, may be null.
	* @return the scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@code BigDecimal}.
	* @since 3.8
	*/
	public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final BigDecimal value) {
	return toScaledBigDecimal(value, INTEGER_TWO, RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN);
	}

	/**
	* Convert a {@code BigDecimal} to a {@code BigDecimal} whose scale is the
	* specified value with a {@code RoundingMode} applied. If the input {@code value}
	* is {@code null}, we simply return {@code BigDecimal.ZERO}.
	*
	* @param value the {@code BigDecimal} to convert, may be null.
	* @param scale the number of digits to the right of the decimal point.
	* @param roundingMode a rounding behavior for numerical operations capable of
	* discarding precision.
	* @return the scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@code BigDecimal}.
	* @since 3.8
	*/
	public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final BigDecimal value, final int scale, final RoundingMode roundingMode) {
	if (value == null) {
	return BigDecimal.ZERO;
	}
	return value.setScale(
	scale,
	(roundingMode == null) ? RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN : roundingMode
	);
	}

	/**
	* Convert a {@code Float} to a {@code BigDecimal} with a scale of
	* two that has been rounded using {@code RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN}. If the supplied
	* {@code value} is null, then {@code BigDecimal.ZERO} is returned.
	*
	* <p>Note, the scale of a {@code BigDecimal} is the number of digits to the right of the
	* decimal point.</p>
	*
	* @param value the {@code Float} to convert, may be null.
	* @return the scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@code BigDecimal}.
	* @since 3.8
	*/
	public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final Float value) {
	return toScaledBigDecimal(value, INTEGER_TWO, RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN);
	}

	/**
	* Convert a {@code Float} to a {@code BigDecimal} whose scale is the
	* specified value with a {@code RoundingMode} applied. If the input {@code value}
	* is {@code null}, we simply return {@code BigDecimal.ZERO}.
	*
	* @param value the {@code Float} to convert, may be null.
	* @param scale the number of digits to the right of the decimal point.
	* @param roundingMode a rounding behavior for numerical operations capable of
	* discarding precision.
	* @return the scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@code BigDecimal}.
	* @since 3.8
	*/
	public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final Float value, final int scale, final RoundingMode roundingMode) {
	if (value == null) {
	return BigDecimal.ZERO;
	}
	return toScaledBigDecimal(
	BigDecimal.valueOf(value),
	scale,
	roundingMode
	);
	}

	/**
	* Convert a {@code Double} to a {@code BigDecimal} with a scale of
	* two that has been rounded using {@code RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN}. If the supplied
	* {@code value} is null, then {@code BigDecimal.ZERO} is returned.
	*
	* <p>Note, the scale of a {@code BigDecimal} is the number of digits to the right of the
	* decimal point.</p>
	*
	* @param value the {@code Double} to convert, may be null.
	* @return the scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@code BigDecimal}.
	* @since 3.8
	*/
	public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final Double value) {
	return toScaledBigDecimal(value, INTEGER_TWO, RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN);
	}

	/**
	* Convert a {@code Double} to a {@code BigDecimal} whose scale is the
	* specified value with a {@code RoundingMode} applied. If the input {@code value}
	* is {@code null}, we simply return {@code BigDecimal.ZERO}.
	*
	* @param value the {@code Double} to convert, may be null.
	* @param scale the number of digits to the right of the decimal point.
	* @param roundingMode a rounding behavior for numerical operations capable of
	* discarding precision.
	* @return the scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@code BigDecimal}.
	* @since 3.8
	*/
	public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final Double value, final int scale, final RoundingMode roundingMode) {
	if (value == null) {
	return BigDecimal.ZERO;
	}
	return toScaledBigDecimal(
	BigDecimal.valueOf(value),
	scale,
	roundingMode
	);
	}

	/**
	* Convert a {@code String} to a {@code BigDecimal} with a scale of
	* two that has been rounded using {@code RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN}. If the supplied
	* {@code value} is null, then {@code BigDecimal.ZERO} is returned.
	*
	* <p>Note, the scale of a {@code BigDecimal} is the number of digits to the right of the
	* decimal point.</p>
	*
	* @param value the {@code String} to convert, may be null.
	* @return the scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@code BigDecimal}.
	* @since 3.8
	*/
	public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final String value) {
	return toScaledBigDecimal(value, INTEGER_TWO, RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN);
	}

	/**
	* Convert a {@code String} to a {@code BigDecimal} whose scale is the
	* specified value with a {@code RoundingMode} applied. If the input {@code value}
	* is {@code null}, we simply return {@code BigDecimal.ZERO}.
	*
	* @param value the {@code String} to convert, may be null.
	* @param scale the number of digits to the right of the decimal point.
	* @param roundingMode a rounding behavior for numerical operations capable of
	* discarding precision.
	* @return the scaled, with appropriate rounding, {@code BigDecimal}.
	* @since 3.8
	*/
	public static BigDecimal toScaledBigDecimal(final String value, final int scale, final RoundingMode roundingMode) {
	if (value == null) {
	return BigDecimal.ZERO;
	}
	return toScaledBigDecimal(
	createBigDecimal(value),
	scale,
	roundingMode
	);
	}

	//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	// must handle Long, Float, Integer, Float, Short,
	// BigDecimal, BigInteger and Byte
	// useful methods:
	// Byte.decode(String)
	// Byte.valueOf(String, int radix)
	// Byte.valueOf(String)
	// Double.valueOf(String)
	// Float.valueOf(String)
	// Float.valueOf(String)
	// Integer.valueOf(String, int radix)
	// Integer.valueOf(String)
	// Integer.decode(String)
	// Integer.getInteger(String)
	// Integer.getInteger(String, int val)
	// Integer.getInteger(String, Integer val)
	// Integer.valueOf(String)
	// Double.valueOf(String)
	// new Byte(String)
	// Long.valueOf(String)
	// Long.getLong(String)
	// Long.getLong(String, int)
	// Long.getLong(String, Integer)
	// Long.valueOf(String, int)
	// Long.valueOf(String)
	// Short.valueOf(String)
	// Short.decode(String)
	// Short.valueOf(String, int)
	// Short.valueOf(String)
	// new BigDecimal(String)
	// new BigInteger(String)
	// new BigInteger(String, int radix)
	// Possible inputs:
	// 45 45.5 45E7 4.5E7 Hex Oct Binary xxxF xxxD xxxf xxxd
	// plus minus everything. Prolly more. A lot are not separable.

	/**
	* <p>Turns a string value into a java.lang.Number.</p>
	*
	* <p>If the string starts with {@code 0x} or {@code -0x} (lower or upper case) or {@code #} or {@code -#}, it
	* will be interpreted as a hexadecimal Integer - or Long, if the number of digits after the
	* prefix is more than 8 - or BigInteger if there are more than 16 digits.
	* </p>
	* <p>Then, the value is examined for a type qualifier on the end, i.e. one of
	* {@code 'f', 'F', 'd', 'D', 'l', 'L'}. If it is found, it starts
	* trying to create successively larger types from the type specified
	* until one is found that can represent the value.</p>
	*
	* <p>If a type specifier is not found, it will check for a decimal point
	* and then try successively larger types from {@code Integer} to
	* {@code BigInteger} and from {@code Float} to
	* {@code BigDecimal}.</p>
	*
	* <p>
	* Integral values with a leading {@code 0} will be interpreted as octal; the returned number will
	* be Integer, Long or BigDecimal as appropriate.
	* </p>
	*
	* <p>Returns {@code null} if the string is {@code null}.</p>
	*
	* <p>This method does not trim the input string, i.e., strings with leading
	* or trailing spaces will generate NumberFormatExceptions.</p>
	*
	* @param str String containing a number, may be null
	* @return Number created from the string (or null if the input is null)
	* @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
	*/
	public static Number createNumber(final String str) {
	if (str == null) {
	return null;
	}
	if (StringUtils.isBlank(str)) {
	throw new NumberFormatException("A blank string is not a valid number");
	}
	// Need to deal with all possible hex prefixes here
	final String[] hex_prefixes = {"0x", "0X", "-0x", "-0X", "#", "-#"};
	int pfxLen = 0;
	for (final String pfx : hex_prefixes) {
	if (str.startsWith(pfx)) {
	pfxLen += pfx.length();
	break;
	}
	}
	if (pfxLen > 0) { // we have a hex number
	char firstSigDigit = 0; // strip leading zeroes
	for (int i = pfxLen; i < str.length(); i++) {
	firstSigDigit = str.charAt(i);
	if (firstSigDigit == '0') { // count leading zeroes
	pfxLen++;
	} else {
	break;
	}
	}
	final int hexDigits = str.length() - pfxLen;
	if (hexDigits > 16 \|\| hexDigits == 16 && firstSigDigit > '7') { // too many for Long
	return createBigInteger(str);
	}
	if (hexDigits > 8 \|\| hexDigits == 8 && firstSigDigit > '7') { // too many for an int
	return createLong(str);
	}
	return createInteger(str);
	}
	final char lastChar = str.charAt(str.length() - 1);
	String mant;
	String dec;
	String exp;
	final int decPos = str.indexOf('.');
	final int expPos = str.indexOf('e') + str.indexOf('E') + 1; // assumes both not present
	// if both e and E are present, this is caught by the checks on expPos (which prevent IOOBE)
	// and the parsing which will detect if e or E appear in a number due to using the wrong offset

	if (decPos > -1) { // there is a decimal point
	if (expPos > -1) { // there is an exponent
	if (expPos < decPos \|\| expPos > str.length()) { // prevents double exponent causing IOOBE
	throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
	}
	dec = str.substring(decPos + 1, expPos);
	} else {
	dec = str.substring(decPos + 1);
	}
	mant = getMantissa(str, decPos);
	} else {
	if (expPos > -1) {
	if (expPos > str.length()) { // prevents double exponent causing IOOBE
	throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
	}
	mant = getMantissa(str, expPos);
	} else {
	mant = getMantissa(str);
	}
	dec = null;
	}
	if (!Character.isDigit(lastChar) && lastChar != '.') {
	if (expPos > -1 && expPos < str.length() - 1) {
	exp = str.substring(expPos + 1, str.length() - 1);
	} else {
	exp = null;
	}
	//Requesting a specific type..
	final String numeric = str.substring(0, str.length() - 1);
	final boolean allZeros = isAllZeros(mant) && isAllZeros(exp);
	switch (lastChar) {
	case 'l' :
	case 'L' :
	if (dec == null
	&& exp == null
	&& (!numeric.isEmpty() && numeric.charAt(0) == '-' && isDigits(numeric.substring(1)) \|\| isDigits(numeric))) {
	try {
	return createLong(numeric);
	} catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) { // NOPMD
	// Too big for a long
	}
	return createBigInteger(numeric);

	}
	throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");
	case 'f' :
	case 'F' :
	try {
	final Float f = createFloat(str);
	if (!(f.isInfinite() \|\| f.floatValue() == 0.0F && !allZeros)) {
	//If it's too big for a float or the float value = 0 and the string
	//has non-zeros in it, then float does not have the precision we want
	return f;
	}

	} catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) { // NOPMD
	// ignore the bad number
	}
	//$FALL-THROUGH$
	case 'd' :
	case 'D' :
	try {
	final Double d = createDouble(str);
	if (!(d.isInfinite() \|\| d.floatValue() == 0.0D && !allZeros)) {
	return d;
	}
	} catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) { // NOPMD
	// ignore the bad number
	}
	try {
	return createBigDecimal(numeric);
	} catch (final NumberFormatException e) { // NOPMD
	// ignore the bad number
	}
	//$FALL-THROUGH$
	default :
	throw new NumberFormatException(str + " is not a valid number.");

	}
	}
	//User doesn't have a preference on the return type, so let's start
	//small and go from there...
	if (expPos > -1 && expPos < str.length() - 1) {
	exp = str.substring(expPos + 1, str.length());
	} else {
	exp = null;
	}
	if (dec == null && exp == null) { // no decimal point and no exponent
	//Must be an Integer, Long, Biginteger
	try {
	return createInteger(str);
	} catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) { // NOPMD
	// ignore the bad number
	}
	try {
	return createLong(str);
	} catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) { // NOPMD
	// ignore the bad number
	}
	return createBigInteger(str);
	}

	//Must be a Float, Double, BigDecimal
	final boolean allZeros = isAllZeros(mant) && isAllZeros(exp);
	try {
	final Float f = createFloat(str);
	final Double d = createDouble(str);
	if (!f.isInfinite()
	&& !(f.floatValue() == 0.0F && !allZeros)
	&& f.toString().equals(d.toString())) {
	return f;
	}
	if (!d.isInfinite() && !(d.doubleValue() == 0.0D && !allZeros)) {
	final BigDecimal b = createBigDecimal(str);
	if (b.compareTo(BigDecimal.valueOf(d.doubleValue())) == 0) {
	return d;
	}
	return b;
	}
	} catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) { // NOPMD
	// ignore the bad number
	}
	return createBigDecimal(str);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Utility method for {@link #createNumber(java.lang.String)}.</p>
	*
	* <p>Returns mantissa of the given number.</p>
	*
	* @param str the string representation of the number
	* @return mantissa of the given number
	*/
	private static String getMantissa(final String str) {
	return getMantissa(str, str.length());
	}

	/**
	* <p>Utility method for {@link #createNumber(java.lang.String)}.</p>
	*
	* <p>Returns mantissa of the given number.</p>
	*
	* @param str the string representation of the number
	* @param stopPos the position of the exponent or decimal point
	* @return mantissa of the given number
	*/
	private static String getMantissa(final String str, final int stopPos) {
	final char firstChar = str.charAt(0);
	final boolean hasSign = firstChar == '-' \|\| firstChar == '+';

	return hasSign ? str.substring(1, stopPos) : str.substring(0, stopPos);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Utility method for {@link #createNumber(java.lang.String)}.</p>
	*
	* <p>Returns {@code true} if s is {@code null}.</p>
	*
	* @param str the String to check
	* @return if it is all zeros or {@code null}
	*/
	private static boolean isAllZeros(final String str) {
	if (str == null) {
	return true;
	}
	for (int i = str.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
	if (str.charAt(i) != '0') {
	return false;
	}
	}
	return !str.isEmpty();
	}

	//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code Float}.</p>
	*
	* <p>Returns {@code null} if the string is {@code null}.</p>
	*
	* @param str a {@code String} to convert, may be null
	* @return converted {@code Float} (or null if the input is null)
	* @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
	*/
	public static Float createFloat(final String str) {
	if (str == null) {
	return null;
	}
	return Float.valueOf(str);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code Double}.</p>
	*
	* <p>Returns {@code null} if the string is {@code null}.</p>
	*
	* @param str a {@code String} to convert, may be null
	* @return converted {@code Double} (or null if the input is null)
	* @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
	*/
	public static Double createDouble(final String str) {
	if (str == null) {
	return null;
	}
	return Double.valueOf(str);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code Integer}, handling
	* hex (0xhhhh) and octal (0dddd) notations.
	* N.B. a leading zero means octal; spaces are not trimmed.</p>
	*
	* <p>Returns {@code null} if the string is {@code null}.</p>
	*
	* @param str a {@code String} to convert, may be null
	* @return converted {@code Integer} (or null if the input is null)
	* @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
	*/
	public static Integer createInteger(final String str) {
	if (str == null) {
	return null;
	}
	// decode() handles 0xAABD and 0777 (hex and octal) as well.
	return Integer.decode(str);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code Long};
	* since 3.1 it handles hex (0Xhhhh) and octal (0ddd) notations.
	* N.B. a leading zero means octal; spaces are not trimmed.</p>
	*
	* <p>Returns {@code null} if the string is {@code null}.</p>
	*
	* @param str a {@code String} to convert, may be null
	* @return converted {@code Long} (or null if the input is null)
	* @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
	*/
	public static Long createLong(final String str) {
	if (str == null) {
	return null;
	}
	return Long.decode(str);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code BigInteger};
	* since 3.2 it handles hex (0x or #) and octal (0) notations.</p>
	*
	* <p>Returns {@code null} if the string is {@code null}.</p>
	*
	* @param str a {@code String} to convert, may be null
	* @return converted {@code BigInteger} (or null if the input is null)
	* @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
	*/
	public static BigInteger createBigInteger(final String str) {
	if (str == null) {
	return null;
	}
	int pos = 0; // offset within string
	int radix = 10;
	boolean negate = false; // need to negate later?
	if (str.startsWith("-")) {
	negate = true;
	pos = 1;
	}
	if (str.startsWith("0x", pos) \|\| str.startsWith("0X", pos)) { // hex
	radix = 16;
	pos += 2;
	} else if (str.startsWith("#", pos)) { // alternative hex (allowed by Long/Integer)
	radix = 16;
	pos++;
	} else if (str.startsWith("0", pos) && str.length() > pos + 1) { // octal; so long as there are additional digits
	radix = 8;
	pos++;
	} // default is to treat as decimal

	final BigInteger value = new BigInteger(str.substring(pos), radix);
	return negate ? value.negate() : value;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Convert a {@code String} to a {@code BigDecimal}.</p>
	*
	* <p>Returns {@code null} if the string is {@code null}.</p>
	*
	* @param str a {@code String} to convert, may be null
	* @return converted {@code BigDecimal} (or null if the input is null)
	* @throws NumberFormatException if the value cannot be converted
	*/
	public static BigDecimal createBigDecimal(final String str) {
	if (str == null) {
	return null;
	}
	// handle JDK1.3.1 bug where "" throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
	if (StringUtils.isBlank(str)) {
	throw new NumberFormatException("A blank string is not a valid number");
	}
	return new BigDecimal(str);
	}

	// Min in array
	//--------------------------------------------------------------------
	/**
	* <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
	*
	* @param array an array, must not be null or empty
	* @return the minimum value in the array
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is {@code null}
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty
	* @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(long[]) to min(long...)
	*/
	public static long min(final long... array) {
	// Validates input
	validateArray(array);

	// Finds and returns min
	long min = array[0];
	for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
	if (array[i] < min) {
	min = array[i];
	}
	}

	return min;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
	*
	* @param array an array, must not be null or empty
	* @return the minimum value in the array
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is {@code null}
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty
	* @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(int[]) to min(int...)
	*/
	public static int min(final int... array) {
	// Validates input
	validateArray(array);

	// Finds and returns min
	int min = array[0];
	for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
	if (array[j] < min) {
	min = array[j];
	}
	}

	return min;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
	*
	* @param array an array, must not be null or empty
	* @return the minimum value in the array
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is {@code null}
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty
	* @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(short[]) to min(short...)
	*/
	public static short min(final short... array) {
	// Validates input
	validateArray(array);

	// Finds and returns min
	short min = array[0];
	for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
	if (array[i] < min) {
	min = array[i];
	}
	}

	return min;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
	*
	* @param array an array, must not be null or empty
	* @return the minimum value in the array
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is {@code null}
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty
	* @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(byte[]) to min(byte...)
	*/
	public static byte min(final byte... array) {
	// Validates input
	validateArray(array);

	// Finds and returns min
	byte min = array[0];
	for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
	if (array[i] < min) {
	min = array[i];
	}
	}

	return min;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
	*
	* @param array an array, must not be null or empty
	* @return the minimum value in the array
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is {@code null}
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty
	* @see IEEE754rUtils#min(double[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
	* @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(double[]) to min(double...)
	*/
	public static double min(final double... array) {
	// Validates input
	validateArray(array);

	// Finds and returns min
	double min = array[0];
	for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
	if (Double.isNaN(array[i])) {
	return Double.NaN;
	}
	if (array[i] < min) {
	min = array[i];
	}
	}

	return min;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Returns the minimum value in an array.</p>
	*
	* @param array an array, must not be null or empty
	* @return the minimum value in the array
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is {@code null}
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty
	* @see IEEE754rUtils#min(float[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
	* @since 3.4 Changed signature from min(float[]) to min(float...)
	*/
	public static float min(final float... array) {
	// Validates input
	validateArray(array);

	// Finds and returns min
	float min = array[0];
	for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
	if (Float.isNaN(array[i])) {
	return Float.NaN;
	}
	if (array[i] < min) {
	min = array[i];
	}
	}

	return min;
	}

	// Max in array
	//--------------------------------------------------------------------
	/**
	* <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
	*
	* @param array an array, must not be null or empty
	* @return the maximum value in the array
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is {@code null}
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty
	* @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(long[]) to max(long...)
	*/
	public static long max(final long... array) {
	// Validates input
	validateArray(array);

	// Finds and returns max
	long max = array[0];
	for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
	if (array[j] > max) {
	max = array[j];
	}
	}

	return max;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
	*
	* @param array an array, must not be null or empty
	* @return the maximum value in the array
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is {@code null}
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty
	* @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(int[]) to max(int...)
	*/
	public static int max(final int... array) {
	// Validates input
	validateArray(array);

	// Finds and returns max
	int max = array[0];
	for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
	if (array[j] > max) {
	max = array[j];
	}
	}

	return max;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
	*
	* @param array an array, must not be null or empty
	* @return the maximum value in the array
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is {@code null}
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty
	* @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(short[]) to max(short...)
	*/
	public static short max(final short... array) {
	// Validates input
	validateArray(array);

	// Finds and returns max
	short max = array[0];
	for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
	if (array[i] > max) {
	max = array[i];
	}
	}

	return max;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
	*
	* @param array an array, must not be null or empty
	* @return the maximum value in the array
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is {@code null}
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty
	* @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(byte[]) to max(byte...)
	*/
	public static byte max(final byte... array) {
	// Validates input
	validateArray(array);

	// Finds and returns max
	byte max = array[0];
	for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
	if (array[i] > max) {
	max = array[i];
	}
	}

	return max;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
	*
	* @param array an array, must not be null or empty
	* @return the maximum value in the array
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is {@code null}
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty
	* @see IEEE754rUtils#max(double[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
	* @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(double[]) to max(double...)
	*/
	public static double max(final double... array) {
	// Validates input
	validateArray(array);

	// Finds and returns max
	double max = array[0];
	for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
	if (Double.isNaN(array[j])) {
	return Double.NaN;
	}
	if (array[j] > max) {
	max = array[j];
	}
	}

	return max;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Returns the maximum value in an array.</p>
	*
	* @param array an array, must not be null or empty
	* @return the maximum value in the array
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is {@code null}
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is empty
	* @see IEEE754rUtils#max(float[]) IEEE754rUtils for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
	* @since 3.4 Changed signature from max(float[]) to max(float...)
	*/
	public static float max(final float... array) {
	// Validates input
	validateArray(array);

	// Finds and returns max
	float max = array[0];
	for (int j = 1; j < array.length; j++) {
	if (Float.isNaN(array[j])) {
	return Float.NaN;
	}
	if (array[j] > max) {
	max = array[j];
	}
	}

	return max;
	}

	/**
	* Checks if the specified array is neither null nor empty.
	*
	* @param array the array to check
	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code array} is either {@code null} or empty
	*/
	private static void validateArray(final Object array) {
	Validate.notNull(array, "The Array must not be null");
	Validate.isTrue(Array.getLength(array) != 0, "Array cannot be empty.");
	}

	// 3 param min
	//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	/**
	* <p>Gets the minimum of three {@code long} values.</p>
	*
	* @param a value 1
	* @param b value 2
	* @param c value 3
	* @return the smallest of the values
	*/
	public static long min(long a, final long b, final long c) {
	if (b < a) {
	a = b;
	}
	if (c < a) {
	a = c;
	}
	return a;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Gets the minimum of three {@code int} values.</p>
	*
	* @param a value 1
	* @param b value 2
	* @param c value 3
	* @return the smallest of the values
	*/
	public static int min(int a, final int b, final int c) {
	if (b < a) {
	a = b;
	}
	if (c < a) {
	a = c;
	}
	return a;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Gets the minimum of three {@code short} values.</p>
	*
	* @param a value 1
	* @param b value 2
	* @param c value 3
	* @return the smallest of the values
	*/
	public static short min(short a, final short b, final short c) {
	if (b < a) {
	a = b;
	}
	if (c < a) {
	a = c;
	}
	return a;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Gets the minimum of three {@code byte} values.</p>
	*
	* @param a value 1
	* @param b value 2
	* @param c value 3
	* @return the smallest of the values
	*/
	public static byte min(byte a, final byte b, final byte c) {
	if (b < a) {
	a = b;
	}
	if (c < a) {
	a = c;
	}
	return a;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Gets the minimum of three {@code double} values.</p>
	*
	* <p>If any value is {@code NaN}, {@code NaN} is
	* returned. Infinity is handled.</p>
	*
	* @param a value 1
	* @param b value 2
	* @param c value 3
	* @return the smallest of the values
	* @see IEEE754rUtils#min(double, double, double) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
	*/
	public static double min(final double a, final double b, final double c) {
	return Math.min(Math.min(a, b), c);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Gets the minimum of three {@code float} values.</p>
	*
	* <p>If any value is {@code NaN}, {@code NaN} is
	* returned. Infinity is handled.</p>
	*
	* @param a value 1
	* @param b value 2
	* @param c value 3
	* @return the smallest of the values
	* @see IEEE754rUtils#min(float, float, float) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
	*/
	public static float min(final float a, final float b, final float c) {
	return Math.min(Math.min(a, b), c);
	}

	// 3 param max
	//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	/**
	* <p>Gets the maximum of three {@code long} values.</p>
	*
	* @param a value 1
	* @param b value 2
	* @param c value 3
	* @return the largest of the values
	*/
	public static long max(long a, final long b, final long c) {
	if (b > a) {
	a = b;
	}
	if (c > a) {
	a = c;
	}
	return a;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Gets the maximum of three {@code int} values.</p>
	*
	* @param a value 1
	* @param b value 2
	* @param c value 3
	* @return the largest of the values
	*/
	public static int max(int a, final int b, final int c) {
	if (b > a) {
	a = b;
	}
	if (c > a) {
	a = c;
	}
	return a;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Gets the maximum of three {@code short} values.</p>
	*
	* @param a value 1
	* @param b value 2
	* @param c value 3
	* @return the largest of the values
	*/
	public static short max(short a, final short b, final short c) {
	if (b > a) {
	a = b;
	}
	if (c > a) {
	a = c;
	}
	return a;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Gets the maximum of three {@code byte} values.</p>
	*
	* @param a value 1
	* @param b value 2
	* @param c value 3
	* @return the largest of the values
	*/
	public static byte max(byte a, final byte b, final byte c) {
	if (b > a) {
	a = b;
	}
	if (c > a) {
	a = c;
	}
	return a;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Gets the maximum of three {@code double} values.</p>
	*
	* <p>If any value is {@code NaN}, {@code NaN} is
	* returned. Infinity is handled.</p>
	*
	* @param a value 1
	* @param b value 2
	* @param c value 3
	* @return the largest of the values
	* @see IEEE754rUtils#max(double, double, double) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
	*/
	public static double max(final double a, final double b, final double c) {
	return Math.max(Math.max(a, b), c);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Gets the maximum of three {@code float} values.</p>
	*
	* <p>If any value is {@code NaN}, {@code NaN} is
	* returned. Infinity is handled.</p>
	*
	* @param a value 1
	* @param b value 2
	* @param c value 3
	* @return the largest of the values
	* @see IEEE754rUtils#max(float, float, float) for a version of this method that handles NaN differently
	*/
	public static float max(final float a, final float b, final float c) {
	return Math.max(Math.max(a, b), c);
	}

	//-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	/**
	* <p>Checks whether the {@code String} contains only
	* digit characters.</p>
	*
	* <p>{@code Null} and empty String will return
	* {@code false}.</p>
	*
	* @param str the {@code String} to check
	* @return {@code true} if str contains only Unicode numeric
	*/
	public static boolean isDigits(final String str) {
	return StringUtils.isNumeric(str);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Checks whether the String a valid Java number.</p>
	*
	* <p>Valid numbers include hexadecimal marked with the {@code 0x} or
	* {@code 0X} qualifier, octal numbers, scientific notation and
	* numbers marked with a type qualifier (e.g. 123L).</p>
	*
	* <p>Non-hexadecimal strings beginning with a leading zero are
	* treated as octal values. Thus the string {@code 09} will return
	* {@code false}, since {@code 9} is not a valid octal value.
	* However, numbers beginning with {@code 0.} are treated as decimal.</p>
	*
	* <p>{@code null} and empty/blank {@code String} will return
	* {@code false}.</p>
	*
	* <p>Note, {@link #createNumber(String)} should return a number for every
	* input resulting in {@code true}.</p>
	*
	* @param str the {@code String} to check
	* @return {@code true} if the string is a correctly formatted number
	* @since 3.3 the code supports hex {@code 0Xhhh} an
	* octal {@code 0ddd} validation
	* @deprecated This feature will be removed in Lang 4.0,
	* use {@link NumberUtils#isCreatable(String)} instead
	*/
	@Deprecated
	public static boolean isNumber(final String str) {
	return isCreatable(str);
	}

	/**
	* <p>Checks whether the String a valid Java number.</p>
	*
	* <p>Valid numbers include hexadecimal marked with the {@code 0x} or
	* {@code 0X} qualifier, octal numbers, scientific notation and
	* numbers marked with a type qualifier (e.g. 123L).</p>
	*
	* <p>Non-hexadecimal strings beginning with a leading zero are
	* treated as octal values. Thus the string {@code 09} will return
	* {@code false}, since {@code 9} is not a valid octal value.
	* However, numbers beginning with {@code 0.} are treated as decimal.</p>
	*
	* <p>{@code null} and empty/blank {@code String} will return
	* {@code false}.</p>
	*
	* <p>Note, {@link #createNumber(String)} should return a number for every
	* input resulting in {@code true}.</p>
	*
	* @param str the {@code String} to check
	* @return {@code true} if the string is a correctly formatted number
	* @since 3.5
	*/
	public static boolean isCreatable(final String str) {
	if (StringUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
	return false;
	}
	final char[] chars = str.toCharArray();
	int sz = chars.length;
	boolean hasExp = false;
	boolean hasDecPoint = false;
	boolean allowSigns = false;
	boolean foundDigit = false;
	// deal with any possible sign up front
	final int start = chars[0] == '-' \|\| chars[0] == '+' ? 1 : 0;
	if (sz > start + 1 && chars[start] == '0' && !StringUtils.contains(str, '.')) { // leading 0, skip if is a decimal number
	if (chars[start + 1] == 'x' \|\| chars[start + 1] == 'X') { // leading 0x/0X
	int i = start + 2;
	if (i == sz) {
	return false; // str == "0x"
	}
	// checking hex (it can't be anything else)
	for (; i < chars.length; i++) {
	if ((chars[i] < '0' \|\| chars[i] > '9')
	&& (chars[i] < 'a' \|\| chars[i] > 'f')
	&& (chars[i] < 'A' \|\| chars[i] > 'F')) {
	return false;
	}
	}
	return true;
	} else if (Character.isDigit(chars[start + 1])) {
	// leading 0, but not hex, must be octal
	int i = start + 1;
	for (; i < chars.length; i++) {
	if (chars[i] < '0' \|\| chars[i] > '7') {
	return false;
	}
	}
	return true;
	}
	}
	sz--; // don't want to loop to the last char, check it afterwords
	// for type qualifiers
	int i = start;
	// loop to the next to last char or to the last char if we need another digit to
	// make a valid number (e.g. chars[0..5] = "1234E")
	while (i < sz \|\| i < sz + 1 && allowSigns && !foundDigit) {
	if (chars[i] >= '0' && chars[i] <= '9') {
	foundDigit = true;
	allowSigns = false;

	} else if (chars[i] == '.') {
	if (hasDecPoint \|\| hasExp) {
	// two decimal points or dec in exponent
	return false;
	}
	hasDecPoint = true;
	} else if (chars[i] == 'e' \|\| chars[i] == 'E') {
	// we've already taken care of hex.
	if (hasExp) {
	// two E's
	return false;
	}
	if (!foundDigit) {
	return false;
	}
	hasExp = true;
	allowSigns = true;
	} else if (chars[i] == '+' \|\| chars[i] == '-') {
	if (!allowSigns) {
	return false;
	}
	allowSigns = false;
	foundDigit = false; // we need a digit after the E
	} else {
	return false;
	}
	i++;
	}
	if (i < chars.length) {
	if (chars[i] >= '0' && chars[i] <= '9') {
	// no type qualifier, OK
	return true;
	}
	if (chars[i] == 'e' \|\| chars[i] == 'E') {
	// can't have an E at the last byte
	return false;
	}
	if (chars[i] == '.') {
	if (hasDecPoint \|\| hasExp) {
	// two decimal points or dec in exponent
	return false;
	}
	// single trailing decimal point after non-exponent is ok
	return foundDigit;
	}
	if (!allowSigns
	&& (chars[i] == 'd'
	\|\| chars[i] == 'D'
	\|\| chars[i] == 'f'
	\|\| chars[i] == 'F')) {
	return foundDigit;
	}
	if (chars[i] == 'l'
	\|\| chars[i] == 'L') {
	// not allowing L with an exponent or decimal point
	return foundDigit && !hasExp && !hasDecPoint;
	}
	// last character is illegal
	return false;
	}
	// allowSigns is true iff the val ends in 'E'
	// found digit it to make sure weird stuff like '.' and '1E-' doesn't pass
	return !allowSigns && foundDigit;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Checks whether the given String is a parsable number.</p>
	*
	* <p>Parsable numbers include those Strings understood by {@link Integer#parseInt(String)},
	* {@link Long#parseLong(String)}, {@link Float#parseFloat(String)} or
	* {@link Double#parseDouble(String)}. This method can be used instead of catching {@link java.text.ParseException}
	* when calling one of those methods.</p>
	*
	* <p>Hexadecimal and scientific notations are <strong>not</strong> considered parsable.
	* See {@link #isCreatable(String)} on those cases.</p>
	*
	* <p>{@code Null} and empty String will return {@code false}.</p>
	*
	* @param str the String to check.
	* @return {@code true} if the string is a parsable number.
	* @since 3.4
	*/
	public static boolean isParsable(final String str) {
	if (StringUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
	return false;
	}
	if (str.charAt(str.length() - 1) == '.') {
	return false;
	}
	if (str.charAt(0) == '-') {
	if (str.length() == 1) {
	return false;
	}
	return withDecimalsParsing(str, 1);
	}
	return withDecimalsParsing(str, 0);
	}

	private static boolean withDecimalsParsing(final String str, final int beginIdx) {
	int decimalPoints = 0;
	for (int i = beginIdx; i < str.length(); i++) {
	final boolean isDecimalPoint = str.charAt(i) == '.';
	if (isDecimalPoint) {
	decimalPoints++;
	}
	if (decimalPoints > 1) {
	return false;
	}
	if (!isDecimalPoint && !Character.isDigit(str.charAt(i))) {
	return false;
	}
	}
	return true;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Compares two {@code int} values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.</p>
	*
	* @param x the first {@code int} to compare
	* @param y the second {@code int} to compare
	* @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y};
	* a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and
	* a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}
	* @since 3.4
	*/
	public static int compare(final int x, final int y) {
	if (x == y) {
	return 0;
	}
	return x < y ? -1 : 1;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Compares to {@code long} values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.</p>
	*
	* @param x the first {@code long} to compare
	* @param y the second {@code long} to compare
	* @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y};
	* a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and
	* a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}
	* @since 3.4
	*/
	public static int compare(final long x, final long y) {
	if (x == y) {
	return 0;
	}
	return x < y ? -1 : 1;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Compares to {@code short} values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.</p>
	*
	* @param x the first {@code short} to compare
	* @param y the second {@code short} to compare
	* @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y};
	* a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and
	* a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}
	* @since 3.4
	*/
	public static int compare(final short x, final short y) {
	if (x == y) {
	return 0;
	}
	return x < y ? -1 : 1;
	}

	/**
	* <p>Compares two {@code byte} values numerically. This is the same functionality as provided in Java 7.</p>
	*
	* @param x the first {@code byte} to compare
	* @param y the second {@code byte} to compare
	* @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y};
	* a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and
	* a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}
	* @since 3.4
	*/
	public static int compare(final byte x, final byte y) {
	return x - y;
	}
	}

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